Il lavoro emozionale in ambito sanitario: Conclusioni e Bibliografia
Il lavoro emozionale in ambito sanitario: Conclusioni e Bibliografia
I risultati del presente studio mostrano l’effetto negativo del lavoro emozionale sullo stato di salute del lavoratore.
Coerentemente con studi precedenti (Grandey, 2006) si evidenzia come l’attuazione della gestione delle emozioni surface acting eserciti un impatto positivo sull’esaurimento emotivo, inoltre si dimostra l’influenza negativa di questa strategia su uno stato positivo legato al lavoro come il work engagement.
Oltre a questo, l’indagine presentata contribuisce, da un lato, a confermare l’esistenza del processo energetico del modello Job Demands Resources dall’altro contribuisce a inserire degli elementi di innovazione, ampliando le relazioni tra risorse e richieste lavorative rispetto a quelle presentate nel modello. Su questa linea, i dati confermano come il surface acting, (considerato come una domanda lavorativa eccessiva, dato il continuo sforzo richiesto per il mascheramento delle emozioni realmente provate per attenersi alle norme imposte dal contesto), incide sullo stato di malessere generale tramite la mediazione dell’esaurimento emotivo confermando così l’esistenza del processo energetico.
D’altro canto però le analisi mostrano anche come una job demand come il surface acting abbia un impatto negativo sul work engagement e come ,esaurimento emotivo, work engagement e lo stesso acting possano essere elementi di mediazione all’interno della relazione tra richieste e risorse lavorative andando oltre i classici processi motivazionale e energetico postulati dal modello.
Infatti, l’impatto del carico di richieste emotive eccessive sul malessere generale viene mediato dall’esaurimento emotivo e del surface acting e le richieste emotive eccessive hanno un effetto sull’identificazione organizzativa, attraverso la mediazione in serie del surface acting e del work engagement .
Bibliografia
-
- Abraham, R. (1999). The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover. Journal of Psychology, 133, 441– 455.
-
- Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of management review, 18(1), 88-115.
-
- Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization.Academy of management review, 14(1), 20-39.
-
- Ashforth, B. E., & Tomiuk, M. A. (2000). Emotional labour and Authenticity: view from service agents. Emotion in organizations, 184.
-
- Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74, 1252–1265.
-
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
-
- Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of occupational health psychology, 10(2), 170.
-
- Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schreurs, P. J. G. (2003). A multigroup analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10 , 16–38.
-
- Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands–resources model. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 393-417.
-
- Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human resource management, 43(1), 83-104.
-
- Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200.
-
- Brotheridger, C. M. & Grandey, A.A. (2002). Emotional labor and Burn out: comparing two prospective of “ People Work”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.
-
- Brotheridge, C., & Lee, R.T. (2003). Development and validation of the Emotional Labour Scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 365–379.
-
- Brotheridge, C. M. & Lee, R. T.( 2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational and Health Psychology,7, 57-67.
-
- Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). Theworld factbook 2009. Central Intelligence Agency. Coˆte´, S. (2005). A social interaction model of the effects of emotion regulation on work strain. Academy of Management Review, 30, 509–530.
-
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demandsresources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 , 499–512.
-
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demandsresources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499.
-
- Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H.(2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 339–357.
-
- Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative science quarterly, 39(2).
-
- Fernández L., N. y Manzano G., G. (2002). Síndrome de burnout: sus efectos y prevención en las organizaciones. Capital Humano, 151.
-
- Firth, H., & Britton, P. (1989). ‘Burnout’, absence and turnover amongst British nursing staff. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62(1), 55-59.
-
- Freudenberger, H.J., 1974. Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues 30, 159–165.
-
- Garrosa, E., Moreno-Jimenez, B., Liang, Y., & González, J. L. (2008). The relationship between socio-demographic variables, job stressors, burnout, and hardy personality in nurses: An exploratory study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(3), 418-427.
-
- Gil-Monte P., R. (2002). Validez factorial de la adaptación al español del Maslach Burnout Inventory-Genral Survey. Salud Pública de México, 44(1), 33-40.
-
- Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire.Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson. TR. IT.: Fraccaroli, F., Schadee, H.M. (1993). L’analisi fattoriale confermativa applicata al General Health Questionnaire: Una comparazione della versione inglese e italiana [Confirmatory factor analysis applied to General Health Questionnaire: A comparison of the english and italian versions]. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia, 20, 319–388.
-
- Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95–110.
-
- Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery .Academy of management Journal, 46(1), 86-96.
-
- Gray-Toft, P. e Anderson, J. (1981). The Nursing Stress Scale: Development of an instrument. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 3, 11–23.
-
- Gray, E. and Watson, D. (2001), “Emotion, mood, temperament: similarities, differences and a synthesis”, in Payne, R.L. and Cooper, C.L. (Eds), Emotions at Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 21-44
-
- Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–299.
-
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes:
-
- implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 348.
-
- Hamann, D.L. & Gordon, D.G. (2000). Burnout. Music Educators Journal, 87(3), 34-40.
-
- Hakanen, J.J., Perhoniemi, R., Toppinen-Tanner, S., 2008. Positive gain spirals at work: from job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior 73, 78–91
-
- Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressivesymptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of affective disorders, 141(2), 415-424.
-
- Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B. & Ahola,K. (2012). The job demands-resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work and Stress, 22, 2008b, 224-41.
-
- Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L. and Hayes, T.L. (2002), “Business-unit level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, pp. 268-79.
-
- Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditionalprocess modeling [White paper]. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf (December 11th, 2012).
-
- Herrera, M. E. O., Viveros, G. R. O., & Brizio, P. G. C. (2013). Burnout en médicos y enfermeras y su relación con el constructo de personalidad resistente. Psicología y Salud, 17(1), 5-16.
-
- Hockey, G.R.J. (1993), “Cognitive-energetical control mechanisms in the management of work demands and psychological health”, in Baddely, A. and Weiskrantz, L. (Eds), Attention: Selection, Awareness, and Control, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 328-45.
-
- Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
-
- Holman, D., Mart?´nez-In˜igo, D., & Totterdell, P. (2008b). Emotional labour and employee wellbeing: An integrative review. Research companion to emotion in organizations. 301–315.
-
- Istituto Montecatone. (2014). Da http://www.montecatone.com
-
- Johnson, J.V. and Hall, E.M. (1988), “Job strain, work place social support and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population”,American Journal of Public Health, 78, 1336-42.
-
- Judge, T. A., Van Vianen, A. E., & De Pater, I. E. (2004). Emotional stability, core self-evaluations, and job outcomes: A review of the evidence and an agenda for future research. Human performance, 17(3), 325-346.
-
- Kruml, S. M., & Geddes, D. (2000). Exploring the Dimensions of Emotional Labor The Heart of Hochschild’s Work. Management communication quarterly,14(1), 8-49.
-
- Iñigo, D. M. (2001). Evolución del concepto de trabajo emocional: dimensiones, antecedentes y consecuentes. Una revisión teórica. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 17(2), 131-153.
-
- Kahn, R.L. and Byosserie, P. (1992), “Stress in organizations”, in Dunette, M.D. and Hough, L.M. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 3, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 571 650.
-
- Karasek, R.A. (1998), “Demand/Control Model: a social, emotional, and physiological approach to stress risk and active behaviour development”, in Stellman, J.M. (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health And Safety, ILO, Geneva, 34.06-34.14.
-
- Karasek, R.A. (1979), “Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job design”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285-308.
-
- Langelaan, S., Bakker, A. B., Van Doornen, L. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement: Do individual differences make a difference?. Personality and individual differences, 40(3), 521-532.
-
- Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress. Appraisal and Coping, New York.
-
- Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of applied Psychology, 81(2), 123.
-
- Leidner, R. (1993). Fast food, Fast talk. Service work and the routinization of everydaylife. London: University of California Press.
-
- Lewig, K. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2003). Emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in call centre workers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 366-392.
-
- Macey W. H., & Schneider. B., ‘The meaning of employee engagement’, Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1, 2008,3-30.
-
- Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123.
-
- Mark, B. , Hughes, B. , Belyra, M., Chang, Y., Hofmann, D., Jones & C. Cacon,( 2007) ‘Does safety climate moderate the influence of staffing adequacy and work conditions on nurse injuries?’, Journal of Safety Research, 38, 431-446.
-
- Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
-
- Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory.
-
- Maslach C., & Leiter M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
-
- Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment.Psychological bulletin, 108(2), 171.
-
- Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions. Psychological bulletin, 132(3), 327.
-
- Mingote, A. (1998). Síndrome de burnout o síndrome de desgaste profesional. Formación Médica Continuada (Barcelona), 5(8), 493.
-
- Moreno,B., Garrosa,E., Gonzales, J.L., 2000. El desgaste profesional de enfermerìa. Desarrollo y validaciòn factorial del CDPE. Archivos de Riesgos Laborales, 3, 1. 18-28.
-
- Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986–1010.
-
- Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource:
-
- Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 774–789
-
- Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Don’t leave your heart at home: Gain cycles of positive emotions, resources, and engagement at work. Career Development International, 17(6), 537-556.
-
- Preciado ML, Pando M, Vázquez JM. (2004) Agota-miento emocional: escala Burnout adaptada para mujeres trabajadoras en la costura industrial. Re-vista Investigación en Salud ;6(2), 91-6.
-
- Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1987). Expression of emotion as part of the work role. Academy of management review, 12(1), 23-37.
-
- Rubin, R. S., Tardino, V. M. S., Daus, C. S., & Munz, D. C. (2005). A reconceptualization of the emotional labor construct: On the development of an integrated theory of perceived emotional dissonance and emotional labor. InAnnual Conference of the Society for Industrial and
-
- Organizational Psychology, 17th, Toronto, ON, Canada; A version of this chapter was presented at the aforementioned conference.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
-
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
-
- Salanova, M., Llorens, S., Schaufeli, W.B., 2011. “Yes, I Can, I Feel Good, and I Just Do It!” on gain cycles and spirals of efficacy beliefs, affect, and engagement. Applied Psychology—an International Review 60, 255–285.
-
- Schaubroeck, J., & Jones, J. R. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 163– 183.
-
- Schaufeli, W.B. (2013). What is engagement? In C. Truss, K. Alfes, R. Delbridge, A. Shantz, & E. Soane (Eds.), Employee Engagement in Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi sample study. Journal of organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293315.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire a cross-national study. Educational and psychological measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). MBI–General Survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Pyschologists Press.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M. (2014) Burnout, Boredom and Engagement in the Workplace. An Introduction to Contemporary Work Psychology, First Edition., 294-320.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagementand burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.
-
- Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In Bridging occupational, organizational and public health, 43-68.
-
- Schaufeli, W.B., Taris, T.W., Van Rhenen, W., 2008. Workaholism, burnoutand engagement three of a kind or three different kinds of employeewell-being. Applied Psychology—an International Review 57,173–203.
-
- Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S. and Bridges, M.W. (2001), “Optimism, pessimism, and psychological wellbeing”, in Chang, E.C. (Ed.), Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 189-216
-
- Serrano, M. D. L. P., Rodríguez, M. G. A., Viera, A. O., & Bastián, M. D. C. S. (2008). Agotamiento emocional en el trabajo en profesionistas y operadoras de máquina en la industria. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo, 9(2), 16-23.
-
- Shamir, B., & Kark, R. (2004). A single-item graphic scale for the measurement of organizational identification. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 1155–123.
-
- Sideman Goldberg, L. S., & Grandey, A. A. (2007). Display rules versus display autonomy:
-
- Emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,12, 301–318.
-
- Simbula, S.; Guglielmi, D.; Schaufeli, W.B.; Depolo, M. (2013) An Italian validation of the Ulthrch Work Engagement Scale; Characterization of engaged groups in a sample of schoolteachers. Bollettino di psicologia applicata, 268, 43-54.
-
- Smidts, A., Pruyn, A. T. H., & Van Riel, C. B. (2001). The impact of employee communication and perceived external prestige on organizational identification. Academy of management journal, 44(5), 1051-1062.
-
- Snyder, C.R., Sympson, S.C., Ybasco, F.C., Borders, T.F., Babyak, M.A. and Higgins, R.L. (1996),
-
- “Development and validation of the state hope scale”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 70 No. 2, pp. 321-35.
-
- Strickland, W., 1992. Institutional emotional norms and role satisfaction: examination of a career wife population. Sex Roles 25, 423–439.
-
- Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of occupational health psychology, 8(1), 55.
-
- Van Diijk, P., & Brown,A, K. (“006). Emotional Labour and negative jobs outcomes: An evaluation of the mediating of emotional dissonance. Journal of Menagement ad organization, 12, 101-114.
-
- Van Maanen, J., Kunda, G., 1989. Real feelings: emotional expression and organizational culture. Research in Organizational Behavior. 43–103.
-
- World Health Organization.(n. d). Preamble to the costitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2,
-
- p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. Dahttp://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html
-
- Zapf, D., Vogt, C., Seifert, C., Mertini, H., & Isic, A. (1999). Emotion work as a source of stress: The concept and development of an instrument. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(3), 371 – 400.
-
- Zyphur, M. J., Warren, C. R., Landis, R. S., & Thoresen, C. J. (2007). Self-regulation and performance in highfidelity simulations: An extension of ego-depletion research. Human Performance, 20, 103–118.
-
- Zeithaml, V.A., & Bitner, M.J. 1996. Services marketing. McGraw-Hill.
© Il lavoro emozionale in ambito sanitario: effetti sul benessere e il malessere lavorativo – Jessica Capelli