Discussione dei risultati e conclusioni
La correlazione positiva tra esaurimento emotivo e depersonalizzazione assieme alla correlazione negativa tra esaurimento e realizzazione lavorativa, sono coerenti con gli studi di Maslach e Jasckson (1982), per i quali sebbene interrelate, sono concettualmente diverse e correlate distintamente ad altre variabili come l’autorità decisionale, skill discretion, task controll indagate nella seguente ricerca.
Secondo il modello Job Demands-Resources model” (JD-R), il carico di lavoro (“job demand”) può portare a un deterioramento della salute con esiti di burnout in conseguenza dello “stress-lavoro correlato”, mentre le risorse (“job resources”) ad una incentivazione dell’impegno del lavoratore, “work engagement”, grazie ad un processo di tipo motivazionale.
In relazione a ciò, i risultati sono altalenanti: per certi versi se ne distaccano perché ad un maggior controllo delle attività si avrebbe un minor grado di discrezionalità; per altri, ne danno una conferma: così come si riporta con la Job demand (Demerouti et al.,2001) è emerso che all’aumentare dello sforzo fisico si riduce realizzazione lavorativa, così come si è riscontrato che ad un aumento dello sforzo fisico si abbia un aumento della pressione lavorativa.
Coerentemente con le Job-Resources (Bakker e Demerouti, 2007), è emerso che con una maggiore supervisione aumenti la skill discretion. Tuttavia ad aumento della supervisione si avrebbe anche un aumento dell’insicurezza, ciò potrebbe essere ricondotta al costrutto della supervisione violenta o abusante (abusive supervision), che per definizione corrisponde alla percezione dei sottoposti rispetto a comportamenti verbali e non verbali ostili (con esclusione del contatto fisico) emessi dai superiori; una situazione del genere si ha quando un superiore giudica come insensate le sensazioni o le idee dei suoi sottoposti o umilia un soggetto davanti ad altri (Mawritz et al., 2012)
La COR Theory (Innstrand et al., 2002; Hakanen et al., 2005) prende in considerazione il proactive coping process, cioè la capacità del lavoratore di ricercare e rafforzare le proprie risorse in modo da poter influenzare e gestire l’ambiente in cui opera. Questa teoria si basa sulla convinzione che l’individuo si adoperi attivamente per ottenere e mantenere ciò che per lui è più rilevante (ad es supporto dei colleghi). In effetti, su questo prospettiva è emersa una correlazione positiva tra il supporto dei colleghi e la skill discretion. Tuttavia, appaiono anomale la correlazione tra il supporto dei colleghi e l’insicurezza lavorativa e tra il supporto dei colleghi e la supervisione sociale.
Dalla ricerca emerge che un lavoro che richiede un alto grado di sforzo fisico sia predittore di una bassa realizzazione lavorativa, probabilmente perché, secondo la Job-Demand, un continuo sforzo fisico comporta specifici costi psicologici (Demerouti et al., 2001).Per quanto riguarda la depersonalizzazione e la skill discretion predicono l’esaurimento emotivo.
Alla luce di ciò tra i fattori di rischio vi sono lo sforzo fisico, la depersonalizzazione ad esempio, mentre tra i fattori di protezione figura il supporto dei colleghi.Rispetto all’ipotesi
“verificare quanto le esperienze di lavoro positive e negative contribuiscano alla qualità della vita lavorativa”, si deduce che le richieste caratterizzate da uno sforzo fisico ed una supervisione abusante non contribuiscano ad una buona qualità di vita lavorativa. D’altro canto, il supporto dei colleghi, la skill discretion permettono invece di avere una qualità di vita lavorativa migliore.
In conclusione la ricerca ha soddisfatto in parte le ipotesi iniziali, ma è bene far presente alcune limitazioni. In primo luogo, la generalizzazione dei nostri risultati è molto limitata perché lo studio era basato su una selezione di insegnanti di una sola località Siciliana, quindi i risultati non sono rappresentativi della Sicilia in quanto tale. In secondo luogo, si tratta di uno studio su piccola scala, pertanto sarebbe auspicabile replicare lo studio estendendo il campione della popolazione di riferimento. Sarebbe opportuo prendere in esame inoltre variabili come gli anni di insegnamento. Nonostante ciò, la ricerca offre una possibilità di dibattito. Ad ogni modo, in vista di ricerche future, sarebbe auspicabile ed interessante indagare altre variabili ed estendere la somministrazione dei questionari ad un campione più ampio, che possa essere numericamente significativo della popolazione di riferimento.
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