Rapporto tra Meridionali e Settentrionali: Conclusioni e Bibliografia

 

L’obiettivo del nostro lavoro era di verificare l’efficacia delle amicizie intergruppi dirette ed estese sull’attribuzione di mente all’outgroup, indagando il rapporto intergruppi Settentrionali-Meridionali e analizzando come partecipanti studenti universitari settentrionali. Uno studio recente ha mostrato come entrambe le forme di contatto, attraverso meccanismi cognitivi ed emotivi diversi, possono favorire l’umanizzazione dell’outgroup (Capozza, Falvo et al., 2013; Capozza, Falvo et al., 2014).

Nel nostro lavoro sono stati effettuati due passi ulteriori. Il primo elemento di novità è stato quello di verificare le due forme di contatto sull’attribuzione di agency ed experience all’outgroup, cioè le due dimensioni fondamentali che secondo la teoria delle mente (Waytz et al., 2010) definiscono gli stati mentali. Per quanto riguarda l’experience abbiamo introdotto la distinzione, non prevista dalla teoria della mente, tra emozionalità primaria e secondaria. La nostra ipotesi era che il contatto potesse favorire l’attribuzione di entrambe le dimensioni di mente e, per l’experience, soprattutto le emozioni secondarie, cioè quelle unicamente umane (Leyens et al., 2007).

Ulteriore elemento di novità è l’aver verificato gli effetti del contatto anche sulle meta-attribuzioni di mente, ovvero sulla nostra percezione di cosa l’outgroup possa pensare di noi in quanto membri dell’ingroup. Anche in questo caso, si è ipotizzato che il contatto potesse favorire non solo l’umanizzazione dell’outgroup, ma anche la percezione che l’outgroup riconosca umanità all’ingroup.

Per verificare le nostre ipotesi è stato utilizzato un questionario, contenente le misure dei costrutti esaminati, che è stato somministrato a partecipanti settentrionali in sessioni collettive. Ai dati si sono applicati modelli di regressione con variabili latenti (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 2004). I risultati hanno mostrato che effettivamente i Settentrionali mostrano di attribuire minor agency ai Meridionali e di infraumanizzare l’outgroup. Tuttavia, i modelli testati hanno mostrato che le attribuzioni di umanità, cioè di mente, e in particolare di agency, cioè la capacità unicamente umana di pianificare l’azione e di auto-controllo, sono aumentate dal contatto. Sia le amicizie dirette sia quelle estese, infatti, stimolano tali attribuzioni attraverso due processi cognitivi diversi: quella diretta attraverso l’inclusione dell’outgroup nel sé, quelle estese attraverso le norme di ingroup e outgroup, ed entrambe tramite un comune meccanismo emotivo e cioè la fiducia intergruppi. I nostri risultati, quindi, dimostrano l’efficacia del contatto come metodo per aumentare l’attribuzione di mente all’outgroup, e sono in linea con i risultati presenti in letteratura (Capozza, Falvo et al., 2013; Capozza, Falvo et al., 2014). Come ipotizzato, inoltre, il contatto influenza anche le meta-attribuzioni, sia nella dimensione di agency sia in quelle dell’experience. In questo caso, comunque, risultano influenti solo le amicizie dirette che agiscono tramite l’IOS e l’empatia. Nel caso delle meta-attribuzioni, quindi, sembra esserci in gioco un unico processo legato al rapporto intimo che si stabilisce con l’amico outgroup.

I risultati ottenuti possono avere dei chiari risvolti applicativi: favorire, infatti, rapporti di amicizie dirette ed estese con l’outgroup e, allo stesso tempo, sostenere norme dell’ingroup che appoggiano tali amicizie sono due strategie che possono produrre effetti benefici, non solo sulle attribuzioni di umanità all’outgroup, ma anche sulle percezioni di umanità che si ritiene che l’outgroup abbia dell’ingroup.

Le amicizie dirette ed estese, dunque, possono ridurre il bias di umanità e tutte le conseguenze negative che tale bias comporta (come ad esempio aumento dell’aggressività, violenza verso l’outgroup, ridotta capacità di perdono e minore prosocialità), e possono ridurre anche le conseguenze negative che le meta-attribuzioni possono avere. La teoria sui meta-stereotipi , infatti, dimostra che l’aspettarsi di essere percepiti negativamente, in quanto membri stereotipici del proprio gruppo, porta a conseguenze negative sulle relazioni intergruppi innescando un circolo vizioso (Frey & Tropp, 2004): l’incremento dell’ansia e la percezione di minaccia portano l’ingroup, a sua volta, ad essere prevenuto verso l’outgroup, ad evitare di conseguenza il contatto ed impedendo, quando questo avviene, di ottenere gli effetti positivi sperati.

 

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.

Ames, D.R. (2004). Inside the mind reader’s tool kit: Projection and stereotyping in mental state inference. Journal of Personality & Social Psycology, 87, pp. 340-353.

Ames, D.L., Jenkins, A.C., Banaji, M.R. & Mitchell, J.P. (2008). Taking another person’s perspective increases self-referential neural processing. Psychological Science, 19, pp. 642–644.

Amir, Y. (1969). Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 71, pp. 319-342.

Aron A., Aron  E.N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (2004). Close Relationships as Including Other in the Self. In H.T. Reis & C.E. Rusbult (Eds.), Close Relationships: Key readings, pp. 265-279. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Aron A., Aron E.N., & Norman C. (2001). The self-expansion model of motivation and cognition in close relationships and beyond. In M. Clark & G. Fletcher (Eds.), Blackwell handbook in social psychology, Vol. 2: Interpersonal processes, pp. 478-502.

Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of the other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psichology, 63, pp. 596-612.

Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, pp. 241-253.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), pp.191-215.

Bandura A., Barbaranelli C., Caprara G., & Pastorelli C. (1996). Mechanism of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, pp. 364-374.

Bastian B., Denson T., & Haslam N. (2013). The roles of dehumanization and moral outrage in retributive justice. PLoS ONE 8(4).

Bastian, B., & Haslam, N. (2011). Experiencing Dehumanization: Cognitive and emotional effects of everyday dehumanization. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 33, pp. 295-303.

Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Chen, H., Radke, H. R. M., Harding, J.F., & Fasoli, F. (2013). Losing our humanity: The self-dehumanizing consequences of social ostracism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, pp. 156-169.

Bastian, B., Laham, S., Wilson, S., Haslam, N. & Koval, P. (2011). Blaming, praising and protecting our humanity: The implications of everyday dehumanization for judgments of moral status. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50, pp. 469-483.

Blair, I. V., Park, B., & Bachelor, J. (2003). Understanding intergroup anxiety: Are some people more anxious than others? Group processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, pp. 151-169.

Bering, J.M. (2002). The existential theory of mind. Review of General Psychology, 6, pp. 3-24.

Boccato, G., Cortes, B.P., Demoulin, S., & Leyens, J.Ph. (2007). The automaticity of infra-humanization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, pp. 987-999.

Boccato, G., Capozza, D., Falvo, R., & Durante, F. (2008). The missing link: Ingroup, outgroup, and the human species. Social Cognition, 26, pp. 224234.

Branscombe, N. R., & Ellemers, N. (1998). Coping with group-based discrimination: Individualistic versus group-level strategies. In J. K. Swim & C.

Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The target’s perspective, pp. 243-266. San Diego, CA:

Academic.

Branscombe, N. R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity, pp. 35-58. Oxford: Blackwell.

Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, pp. 429-444.

Brewer MB, Miller N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M.B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in Contact: The Psychology of Desegregation, pp. 281-302.

Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, pp.

255-343. San Diego, CA: Academic.

Buckels E., & Trapnell P. (2013). Disgust facilitates outgroup dehumanization.  Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16 (6), pp. 771-780.

Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., & Douch, R. (2006). Changing children’s intergroup attitudes toward refugees: Testing different models of extended contact. Child Development, 77, pp. 1208-1219.

Capozza D., Andrighetto L., Di Bernardo G., & Falvo R. (2012). Does status affect intergroup perceptions of humanity? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15, pp. 363-377.

Capozza, D., Falvo R., Di Bernardo, G., Vezzali, L., & Visintin, E.P. (2014). Intergroup contact as a strategy to improve humanness attributions: a review of studies. In press.

Capozza, D., Falvo, R., Favara, I., & Trifiletti, E. (2013). The relationship between direct and indirect cross-group friends and outgroup humanization: emotional and cognitive mediators. Testing, Psycometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 20, pp. 383-398.

Capozza, D., Falvo, R., Trifiletti, E., & Pagani, A. (2014). Cross-group friendships, extended contact, and humanity attributions to homosexuals.

Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, pp. 276-282.

Capozza, D., Trifiletti, E., Vezzali, L., & Favara, I. (2013). Can intergroup contact improve humanity attributions? International Journal of Psychology, 48, pp. 527-541.

Castano,     E.,     &    Giner-Sorolla,     R.     (2006).     Not    quite    human:

Infrahumanization in response to collective responsibility for intergroup killing.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, pp. 804-818.

Cortes, B. P., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez, A. P., & Leyens, J. Ph. (2005). Infrahumanization or familiarity? Attribution of uniquely human emotions to the self, the ingroup, and the outgroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, pp. 253-263.

Cikara, M., Eberhardt, J., & Fiske, S. (2011). From agents to objects: sexist attitudes and neural responses to sexualized targets. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, pp. 540-551.

Costello, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Explaining dehumanization among children: The interspecies model of prejudice. British Journal of Social Psychology, 53, pp. 175-197.

Crespi, B. & Badcock, C. (2008). Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain.  Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, pp. 241-261.

Crisp, R. J., & Turner, R. N. (2012). The imagined contact hypothesis. In J.M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,  46, pp. 125-182. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Cushman, F. (2008). Crime and punishment: distinguishing the roles of causal and intentional analyses in moral judgment. Cognition, 108, pp. 353-380.

Davies, K., Wright, S.C., Aron, A., & Comeau, J. (2013). Intergroup contact through friendship: Intimacy and norms. In G. Hodson & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Advances in intergroup contact. London, UK and New York, NY:

Psychology Press.

Delgado, N. (2007). Infra-humanization in a cruel context. Raw data.

Demoulin, S., Leyens, J. Ph., Paladino, M. P., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez,

96. P., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004a). Dimensions of “uniquely” and “non-uniquely” emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 18, pp. 71–96.

Dovidio, J.F., Brigham, J.C., Johnson, B.T., & Gaertner, S.L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice and  discrimination: Another look. In C.N. Macrae, C.

Stangor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping, pp. 276-319.

Duck, S. W. (1983). Friends for life: The psychology of close relationships.New York: St. Martins Press.

Ensari, N., & Miller, N. (2002). The out-group must not be so bad after all:

the effect of disclosure, tipycality, and salience on intergroup bias. Journal of personality and social Psychology, 83, pp. 313-329.

Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Are adjustments insufficient? Personality                          and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, pp. 447-460.

Epley, N. et al. (2007). On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114, pp. 864-886.

Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior – The mode model as an integrative framework. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, pp. 74-109.

Felson, R. B. (1980). Communication barriers and the reflected appraisal process. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43, pp. 116-126.

Fiske, S.T. et al. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, pp. 878–902.

Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, pp. 77-83.

Frey, F. E., & Tropp, L. R. (2004). Gender meta-stereotypes: Their role in relation between men and woman. Paper presented at the biannual convention of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Washington, DC.

Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. New York: Psychology Press.

Gaunt, R. (2007). Superordinate categorization as a moderator of mutual infrahumanization. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 12, pp. 731-746.

Graham, J. & Haidt, J. (2010). Beyond beliefs: religions bind individuals into moral communities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, pp. 140150.

Gray, K., Knobe, J., Sheskin, M., Bloom, P., & Barrett, L.F. (2011). More than a body: Mind perception and the nature of objectification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, pp. 1207-1220.

Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315.

Gray, K. & Wegner, D.M. (2010). Blaming God for our pain: human suffering and the divine mind. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, pp.

7–16.

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 29, pp. 61–139. New York: Academic Press.

Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low:

Neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups. Psychological Science, 17, pp. 847-853.

Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psycology Review, 10, pp. 252-264.

Haslam, N., & Bain, P. (2007). Humanizing the self: Moderators of the attribution of lesser humanness to others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, pp. 57-68.

Haslam,         N.,       &         Loughnan,    S.        (2014).           Dehumanization     and infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, pp. 399-423.

Haslam , N. Loughnan , S. & Sun , P. (2011). Beastly: What makes animal metaphors offensive? Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30, pp. 311325.

Heflick, N. Goldenberg, J., Cooper, D. & Puvia, E. (2011). From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47 (3), pp. 572581.

Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York:

Wiley.

Hewstone M. (1996). Contact and categorization: social-psychological interventions to change intergroup relations. In C.N. Macrae, C. Stagnor & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Foundations of Stereotypes and Stereotyping, pp. 323-368.

Hodson, G., & Costello, K. (2007). Interpersonal disgust, ideological orientations, and dehumanization as predictors of intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science, 18, pp. 691-698.

Hogg, M. A. (2003). Social identity. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity, pp. 462-479. New York: Guilford.

Hollbach, S., & Otten, S. (2003). As you don’t like us, we don’t like you! The impact of meta-stereotypes on intergroup relations. Paper presented at the 6th Jena Meeting on Intergroup Processes, Germany.

Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.

Jackson, L. E., & Gaertner, L. (2010). Mechanisms of moral disengagement and their differential use by Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation in support of war. Aggressive Behavior, 36, pp.

238-250.

Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, pp. 513–541.

Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.7 for Windows [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.

Jost, J. T. & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, pp. 1-27.

Kay, A.C. et al. (2010). Randomness, attributions of arousal, and belief in god. Psychological Science, 21, pp. 216-218.

Kelman, H. C. (1999). The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflicts. Journal of Social Issues, 55, pp. 581-600.

Kenny, D. A., & DePaulo, B. M. (1993). Do people know how others view them? An empirical and theoretical account. Psychological Bulletin, 114, pp. 145161.

Kerr, M., Stattin, H. & Trost, K. (1999). Toknow you is to trust you: Parents’ trust is rooted in child disclosure of information. Journal of Adolescence, 22, pp. 737-752.

Knobe, J. (2006). The concept of intentional action: a case study in the uses of folk psychology. Philosophical Studies, 130, pp. 203-231.

Krueger, J. (1996). Personal beliefs and cultural stereotypes about racial characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, pp. 536-548.

Lammers, J & Stapel, D. A. (2011). Power increases dehumanization.

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14 (1), pp. 113-126.

Leyens, J. Ph., Cortes, B. P., Demoulin, S., Dovidio, J., Fiske, S. T., Gaunt, R., Paladino, M. P., Rodriguez, A. P., Rodriguez, R. T., & Vaes, V. (2003). Emotional prejudice, essentialism, and nationalism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, pp. 703-717.

Leyens, J. Ph., Demoulin, S., Vaes, J., Gaunt, R., & Paladino, M. P. (2007). Infra-humanization: The Wall of Group Differences. Social Issues and Policy Review, 1, pp. 139-172.

Leyens, J. Ph., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez, R. T., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez, A. P., & Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The role of secondary emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, pp. 186197.

Leyens, J. Ph., Rodriguez, A. P., Rodriguez, R. T., Gaunt, R., Paladino, P. M., Vaes, J., & Demoulin, S. (2001). Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups.

European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, pp. 395-411.

Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K.F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, pp. 151-173.

Loughnan, S. & Haslam, N. (2007). Animals and androids: implicit associations between social categories and nonhumans. Psychological Science, 18, pp. 116-121.

Medin, D. L. (1989). Concepts and conceptual structure. American Psychologist, 44, pp. 1469-1481.

Mendoza-Denton, R., Downey, G., Purdie, V. J., Davis, A., & Pietrzak, J. (2002). Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African America students’ college experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, pp. 896-918.

Miller, N. (2002). Personalization and the promise of contact theory.

Journal of Social Issues, 58, pp. 387-410.

Miranda, M. & Gouveia-Pereira, M. (2006). Identidade Pessoal, Identidade

Social e Essencialismo Psicologico em Adolescentes Ciganos e N˜ao-Ciganos. Graduate thesis. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada.

Norenzayan, A. & Hansen, I.G. (2006). Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, pp. 174-187.

Paladino, P. M., Leyens, J. Ph., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez, A. P., Gaunt, R., & Demoulin, S. (2002). Differential association of uniquely and non uniquely human emotions to the ingroup and the outgroups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5, pp. 105–117.

Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., & Cairns, E. (2007). Direct and indirect intergroup friendship effects: Testing the moderating role of the affectivecognitive bases of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), pp. 1406-1420.

Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect cross-group friendships on judgments of catholics and protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism.

Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, pp. 770-786.

Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Harwood, J., & Cairns, E.

(2006). Intergroup Contact and the Promotion of Intergroup Harmony: The

Influence of Intergroup Emotions. In R. Brown & D. Capozza (Eds.), Social Identities: Motivational, Emotional, Cultural Influences, pp. 209-238. Hove, England: Psychology Press.

Pettigrew, T.F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, pp.173-185.

Pettigrew, T.F. (1998). Intergroup contact: Theory, research and new perspectives. Annual Review of Psycology, 49, pp. 65-85.

Pettigrew, T.F., & Meertens, R.W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, pp. 57-75.

Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, pp. 751-783.

Pettigrew, T.F., & Tropp, L.R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, pp. 922-934.

Rodríguez-Pérez, A., Delgado, N., Betancor, V., Leyens, J. Ph. & Vaes, J. (2011). Infra-humanization of outgroups throughout the world. The role of similarity, intergroup friendship, knowledge of the outgroup and status. Anales de Psicología, 27(3), pp. 679-687.

Rudman, L., & Mescher, K. (2012). Of animals and objects: Men’s implicit dehumanization of women and male sexual aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, pp. 734-746.

Shelton, J. N. (2003). Interpersonal concerns in social encounters between majority and minority group members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 6, pp. 171-185.

Spears R, Doosje B, Ellemers N. (1999). Commitment and the context of social perception. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social Identity:

Context, Commitment, Content, pp. 59-83. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Stephan, W.G. & Stephan, C.W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, pp. 157-175.

Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., Tausch, N., Maio, G. R. & Kenworthy, J. (2007). The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness in Northern Ireland. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, pp. 119-136.

Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J.B., & Cairns, E. (2009). Intergroup trust in Northern Ireland. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, pp. 45-

Tileaga, C. (2007). Ideologies of moral exclusion: a critical discursive reframing of depersonalization, delegitimization and dehumanization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(4), pp. 717-737.

Tropp, L. R., & Wright, S. C. (2001). Ingroup identifications as the inclusion of ingroup in the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, pp. 585600.

Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Paolini, S., Christ, O. (2007). Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship.

European Review of Social Psychology, 18, pp. 212-255.

Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M.

S., (1987). Rediscovering the social group: a self-categorization threory.

Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Turner, R. N., Crisp, R. J., & Lambert, E. (2007). Imagining intergroup contact can improve intergroup attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10, pp. 427-441.

Vaes, J. & Muratore, M. (2013). Defensive dehumanization in the medical practice: A crosssectional study from a health care worker’s perspective. British Journal of Social Psychology 52(1), pp. 180-190.

Vaes, J., Paladino, M. P. & Puvia, E. (2011). Are sexualized females complete human beings? Why males and females dehumanize sexually objectified women. European Journal of Social Psychology 41(6), pp. 774-785.

Vaes, J. & Paladino, M. P. (2007). The human content of stereotypes: Subtle infrahumanization versus dehumanization. Unpublished manuscript, University of Padova, Italy.

Vaes, J, Paladino, M. P., Castelli, L., Leyens, J. Ph., & Giovanazzi (2003). On the behavioral consequences of infra-humanization: The implicit role of uniquely human emotions in intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, pp. 1016–1034.

Vaes, J., Paladino, M. P., & Leyens, J. Ph. (2002). The lost e-mail: Prosocial behaviour induced by uniquely human emotions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41, pp. 521–534.

Vaes, J. & Paladino, M. P. (2010). The uniquely human content of stereotypes. Group Processes and Intergroup relations, 13, pp. 23-39.

Van Dick, R., Wagner, U., Pettigrew, T.F., Christ, O., Wolf, C., Petzel, T., Smith Castro, V., & Jackson, J.S. (2004). Role of perceived importance in intergroup contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, pp. 211227.

Van Laar, C., Levin, S., Sinclair, S., & Sidanius, J. (2005). The effect of university roommate contact on ethnic attitudes and behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, pp. 329-345.

Vezzali, L., Capozza, D., Stathi, S., & Giovannini, D. (2012). Increasing outgroup trust, reducing infrahumanization, and enhancing future contact intentions via imagined intergroup contact. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, pp. 437–440.

Viki, G. T. & Abrams, D. (2003). Infra–humanization: Ambivalent Sexism and the attribution of primary and secondary emotions to women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39 (5), pp. 492-499.

Viki, G. T., & Calitri, F. (2008). Infrahuman outgroup or suprahuman ingroup: The role of nationalism and patriotism in the infrahumanization of outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, pp. 1054-1061.

Viki, G. T., Osgood, D., & Phillips, S. (2013). Dehumanization and selfhttp://kar.kent.ac.uk/35372/reported proclivity to torture prisoners of war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49 (3), pp. 325-328.

Viki, G. T.,Winchester, L., Titshall, L., Chisango, T., Pina, A., & Russell, R. (2006). Beyond secondary emotions: the infrahumanization of outgroups using human-related and animal-related words. Social Cognition, 24, pp. 753-775.

Viki G, Fullerton I, Raggett H, Tait F, Wiltshire S. (2012). The role of dehumanization  in attitudes toward the social exclusion and rehabilitation of sex offenders. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, pp. 2349-2367.

Voci, A., & Pagotto, L. (2010). Il pregiudizio: Che cosa è, come si riduce. Bari: Editori Laterza.

Voci, A., & Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice toward immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6, pp. 37-54.

Vonofakou, C., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007). Contact with out-group friends as a predictor of meta-attitudinal strength and accessibility of attitudes towards gay men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, pp. 804-820.

Vorauer, J. D., & Kumhyr, S. M. (2001). Is this about you or me? Selfversus other-directed judgments and feelings in response to cross-group interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, pp. 706-719.

Waytz, A., Gray, K., Epley, N., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Causes and consequences of mind perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, pp. 383388.

Waytz, A., Morewedge, C.K., Epley, N., Montelone, G., Gao, J. (2010). Making sense by making sentient: effectance motivation increases anthropomorphism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, pp. 410435.

Wright, S.C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, pp. 73-90.

Zebel, S., Zimmermann, A., Viki, G. T., & Doosje, B. (2008). Dehumanization and guilt as related but distinct predictors of support for reparation policies. Political Psychology, 29, pp. 193-219.

 

 

© La relazione tra amicizie dirette ed estese e attribuzioni di mente: Uno studio sul rapporto tra Meridionali e Settentrionali in Italia – Elisa Ragusa